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What is X11 Forwarding?

X11 Forwarding is what gives you the ability to run GUIs from a server on your own local machine (neat, huh?). For example, you can run Emacs from homework.eecs.tufts.edu from the comfort of your dorm.

How do I use X11?

Simple! All operating systems have a quick process to setup X11 Forwarding. Please see below for specific instructions based on operating system.

X11 Forwarding in Linux/Mac OS X

– For Macs, your best option is to download xQuartz from xQuartz.org. This is free software which will allow you to forward X11 on a Mac.

  • Download the xQuartz DMG, open it, and follow the installation instructions.
  • Run xQuartz from the Applications folder.

– For Linux, depending on your distribution, there may be no pre-requisites.

Connecting With X11 through SSH
  • Connect to your favorite EECS server using ssh, but remember to tell it to forward X by adding the “-X” parameter.
    • Example: ssh –X [username]@homework.eecs.tufts.edu
  • To test to make sure X11 is working properly, run “xeyes” and a simple GUI should appear on the screen.
  • That’s it! Any other application (Emacs, Matlab, etc) that you’d like to run the GUI for, simply start the program and a window will appear.

X11 Forwarding in Windows with MobaXterm

  1. We recommend using MobaXterm for all your Windows X11 Forwarding needs.
  2. Simply download the installer, or run the portable edition, onto your computer.
  3. Follow all setup defaults for the installation.
  4. Run MobaXterm and use the Start local terminal button to begin a session.
  5. SSH to an EECS server as you normally would, but be sure to specify the -Y option. For Example:
    • ssh -Y [username]@[servername].eecs.tufts.edu
  6. You’re now good to run GUI-based applications over ssh!

X11 Forwarding in Windows with PUTTY/Xming

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  1. Xming is a lightweight and reliable X11 forwarding utility that can be used in conjuncture with Putty.
  2. Launch Xming: A small program will appear in the taskbar; keep this running for the duration of the session.
  3. Launch PuTTy, an SSH (Secure SHell) client: Start->Programs->PuTTy->PuTTy.
  4. In the left-hand menu, expand “SSH”, open the “X11” menu, and check “Enable X11 Forwarding.” Do not forget this step!
  5. Go back to the “Session” menu, and under “Host Name” type yourusername@linux.cs.tufts.edu, then press Open.
  6. If a security alert pops up, press yes, then type your password into the open shell.
  7. You’re in Linux! Everything, such as “emacs myfile &”, will work just like a Linux lab machine.
    If you want to ssh to another server during your session but want to keep X11 forwarding enabled, you must use the command “ssh -Y servername”.

X11 Forwarding in Windows with Cygwin/X

X11

There are some cases in which Putty simply does not have enough functionality, and a more robust SSH/X11 client is necessary. In these cases, Windows users are best off using Cygwin. While Cygwin is extremely powerful and versatile, it can be a little overwhelming or confusing to setup and use your first time. The steps below will walk you through installing and running X11 Forwarding with Cygwin.

  1. Go to www.cygwin.com and download the latest version.
  2. Run the setup.exe that you downloaded.
  3. Select “Install From Internet” as your download source.
  4. Leave the ‘Root Directory’ as default.
  5. Choose where you want your package files installed.
  6. Leave “Use System Proxy Settings” selected.
  7. Select any Download site, though the top one will be fine.
  8. Leave the default packages selected and change the View to Full.
  9. Use the Search box to search for openssh.
  10. Left-Click openssh: The OpenSSH server and client programs to set it to install the latest version. You can see that the New column has changed from Skip to the current version.
  11. Use the search box once again to search for xinit.
  12. Left-Click xinit: X Org X server launcher so that it switches from Skip to the current version.
  13. Press next to Continue and review.
  14. Note towards the bottom all the xorg packages which will also be installed. These are all necessary.
  15. Press Next to install everything (this may take a few minutes).
  16. Once installed, Open Cygwin to be presented with a terminal window.
  17. Run startx to open a new X11-enabled terminal window.
  18. In the new window, connect to the computer you would like to by using ssh -Y [username]@[hostname] – The “-Y” is required.
  19. Once connected, you’ll be able to run any X-based gui applications in your Cygwin window.

Get X11 Forwarding In macOS High Sierra

I needed to forward X11 output from one of my Linux servers recently to run virt-manager (manager for virtual machines in KVM), and because it’s been a while I had to download and install X11 server again.

As some of you know, Xorg server is no longer shipped/installed with macOS by default. So you have to download it from XQuartz page: https://www.xquartz.org/releases/index.html. Usually you do it, install it and that’s it – no additional steps are needed.

But things are slightly different for the macOS High Sierra, apparently.

The latest release hasn’t been updated since 2016 which I believe is before High Sierra – which explains why things don’t “just work” anymore. Fear not though – I tracked the issue down and it’s explained below.

UPDATE 03/2019: MacOS Mojave works just great, you may skip Step 3 in the procedure below.

Steps to get X11 Forwarding in macOS High Sierra

Mac X11 Server

  1. Download and install the latest release from xquartz.org website
  2. Start XQuartz
  3. IMPORTANT: verify xauth locationSSH configuration file /etc/ssh/ssh_config might contain path to xauth tool, which may be incorrect depending on your OSX/MacOS version. Here’s how to check:

Mac Install X11

if this returns nothing, you can skip to Step 4 below. If this gives you an output, compare it to the path from the next command:

If the locations differ, update the /etc/ssh/ssh_config file:

  1. Connect to remote server using -X option which does X11 forwarding for SSH:[email protected]:~ $ ssh -X centos.unixtutorial.or
  2. Check the DISPLAY variable, it should now be set correctly:

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That’s it for today!

See Also

Mac X11 App

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